Author, Subjects, Keywords

Cited Author

 
 
   » By Author or Editor
 » Browse Author by Alphabet
 » By Journal
 » By Subjects
 » By Affiliations
 » By Type
 » By Year
 » By Latest Additions
 
 
   » By Author
 » Top 20 Authors
 » Top 20 Article
 » Top 20 Journal Cited
 » Top 20 Cited
 » Top 20 Author Cited
 » Usage Since Sept 2007


 
 
 

Login | Create Account

Anaerobic Threshold: Its Concept And Role In Endurance Sport

Ghosh, Asok Kumar (2004) Anaerobic Threshold: Its Concept And Role In Endurance Sport. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 11 (1). pp. 24-36. ISSN 1394195X

Full text not available from this repository.

Official URL: http://www.medic.usm.my/publication/mjms/

Affiliations

Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences

Abstract

Aerobic to anaerobic transition intensity is one of the most significant physiological variable in endurance sports. Scientists have explained the term in various ways,
like, Lactate Threshold, Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold, Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation, Onset of Plasma Lactate Accumulation, Heart Rate Deflection Point and Maximum Lactate Steady State. But all of these have great role both in monitoring training schedule and in determining sports performance. Individuals endowed with the possibility to obtain a high oxygen uptake need to complement with rigorous training program in order to achieve maximal performance. If they engage in endurance events, they must also develop the ability to sustain a high fractional utilization of their maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2 max) and become physiologically efficient in performing their activity. Anaerobic threshold is highly
correlated to the distance running performance as compared to maximum aerobic capacity or VO2max, because sustaining a high fractional utilization of the VO2max for a long time delays the metabolic acidosis. Training at or little above the anaerobic threshold intensity improves both the aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold level. Anaerobic Threshold can also be determined from the speed-heart rate
relationship in the field situation, without undergoing sophisticated laboratory techniques. However, controversies also exist among scientists regarding its role in high performance sports.

Item Type:Journal
Keywords:Anaerobic, Lactate, Heart Rate, Deflection Point, Ventilatory, Threshold, Acumulation.
Subjects:R Medicine
ID Code:621

Saltin,B. and Astrand, P.O. Maximal oxygen uptake in ahletes. J. Appl. Physil., 1967; 23: 353-358.

Astrand, P.O. and Saltin, B. Maximal oxygen uptake and heart rate in various types of muscular activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 1961; 16: 977-981.

Costill, D.L.: The relationship between selected physiological variables and distance running performance, J.Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1967; 7: 61-66.

Cooper, K.H.: Correlation between field and treadmill testing as a means for assessing maximal oxygen intake. J.A.M.A. 1968; 203: 135-138.

Doolittle, T.L. and Bigbee, R. The twelve min. run walk: a test of cardiovascular fitness of adolescent boys. Res. Q. Exerc.Sport. 1968; 39: 491-495.

Costill, D.L., Thomasos, H., and Roberts, E. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Med. Sci. Sports. 1973; 5(4): 248-252.

Daniels, J.T., Yarbrough, R.A. and Foster, C. Changes in VO2 max and running performance with training. Eur J Appl Physiol, 1978; 39: 249-252.

Conley, D.L.and Krahenbuhl, G.S. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 1980; 12: 357-360.

Sjodin, B. and Svedenhah, J. Applied physiology of marathon running. Sports Med., 1985; 2: 83-87.

Londeree, B.R. Use of laboratory test results with long distance runners. Sports Med. 1986; 3: 201-203.

Ghosh, A.K., Ahuja A. and Khanna G.L. Distance run as a predictor of aerobic endurance (VO2 max)of sportsmen - Ind. J. Med.Res. 1987; 86: 680-684.

Hagberg, J. & Coyle, E.F. Physiological determinants of endurance performance as studied in competitive racewalkers. Med. & Sci. Sports Exer. 1983;15:287-289.

Owles, W.H. Alterations in the lactate content of blood as a result of light exercise and associated changes in the CO2 combining power of the blood and the alveolar CO2 pressure. J. Physiol, 1930; 69: 214-237.

Bang, O. The lactate content of blood during and after muscular exercise in man. Scand. Arch. Physiol. 1936;74: 51-82.

Wassermann, K., Whipp, B.J., Koyal, S.N., and Beaver, W.L. Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise, J. Appl. Physiol. 1973, 35: 236-239.

Hollman, W. The relationship between pH, lactic acid, potassium in arterial blood and venous blood, (PoW)

and pulse frequency during increasing spirometric

work in endurance-trained and untrained persons. Pan-

American Congress for Sports Medicine, Chicago,1959.

Yoshida, T., Chida M, Ichioka M, Suda Y. Blood lactate parameters related to aerobic capacity and endurance performance. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol., 1987; 7-11.

Davis, J.A., Vodak, P., Wilmore, J., Vodak, J., Kurtz, P.: Anaerobic threshold and maximal aerobic power for three modes of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976; 41: 544-550.

Beaver, W.L., Wassermann, K., Whipp, B.J. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J. Appl.Physiol. 1986; 60: 2020-2027.

Withers, R.T., Sherman,W.M. and Miller,J.M. Specificity of the anaerobic threshold in endurance trained cyclists and runners. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Vol 1981; 47: 93-104.

Tanaka, K., Matsura, Y., Matsuzaka, A., Hirakoba, K. and Kumagai, S. A longitudinal assessment of anaerobic threshold and distance running performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1984; 16: 278-281.

Brooks, G.A.: The lactate shuttle during exercise, evidence and possible control. In: Sports Science, J.Watkins, T.Reilly and L. Burwits, Eds., E and FN Spon Ltd, London, 1986; 69.

Wassermann, K., Whipp, B.J., and Davis, J. Respiratory physiology of exercise : metabolism, gas exchange and ventilatory control, In MTP International Review of Physiology- Respiratory Physiology lll, Vol 23, Widdicombe, Ed., Baltimore University Park,Baltimore, 1981; 149.

Karlsson, J. and Jacobs, I. Onset of blood lactate accumulation during muscular exercise as a theoretical concept. Int.J. Sports Med., 1982; 3: 190-193.

Holloszy, J.O.: Biochemical adaptations to exercise: aerobic metabolism. In Wilmore (Ed), Exerc. Sports

Sci. Rev. New York, Academic Press, 1973; 1: 45-72.

Donovan, C.M. and Brooks, G.A. Endurance training affects lactate clearance, not lactate production. Am. J. Physiol. 1983; 244: E83-E92.

Green, H.J., Hughson, R.L., Orr, G.W., Ranney, D.A.: Anaerobic threshold, blood lactate and muscle metabolism in progressive exercise. J.Appl. Physiol. 1983; 54: 1032- 1038.

Chirtel, S.J., Barbee, R.W. and Stainsby, W.N. Net O2,CO2, lactate and acid exchanges by muscle during progressive working concentrations, J.Appl.Physiol, 1984, 56: 161-165.

Essen, B., Pernow, B,, Gollnick, P.D. and Saltin, B. Muscle glycogen content and lactate uptake in exercising muscles, In: Metabolic adaptations to prolonged physical exercise, H. Howald and J.R. Poortmans, Eds. Basel, Birkhauser, 1975; 130.

Wahren, J., Hagenfeld, L. and Felig, P. Glucose and free fatty acid utilization in exercise. studies in normal and diabetic man, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1975; 11: 551-554.

Yudkin, J. and Cohen, R.D. The contribution of a kidney to the removal of a lactic acid load under normal and acidotic conditions in the conscious state. Clin. Sci. Mol. Biol. 1975; 48: 121-124.

Welch, H.G.: Substrate utilization in muscle adaptation

to physical effort . In : Exercise testing and exercise

training in coronary heart decease, J.P. Naughton and

H.K. Hellerstein, Eds., New york, Academic Press, 1973; 193

Knuttgen, H.G. and Saltin, B. Muscle metabolites and oxygen uptake in short term sub-maximal exercise in man, J. Appl. Physiol. 1972; 32: 690-695.

Jorfeldt, L.A., Juhein-Dannfeldt, and Karlsson, J. Lactate release in relation to tissue lactate in human skeletal muscles during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1978; 44: 350-355.

Whipp, B.J., and Mahler, M. Dynamics of pulmonary

gas exchange during exercise. In: Pulmonary gas exchange, J.B., West (Ed), New York, Academic press, vol. ll, 1980; 33.

Davis, J.A.: Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Med. Sci. Sports and

Exer. 1985; 17: 6-12.

Wassermann, K., Mcllory, M.B. Detecting the threshold of anaerobic mechanism in cardiac patients during exercise. Am. J. Card. 1964; 14: 844-859.

Reybrouck, T., Weymans, M., Stijns, H., Knops, K., van der Hauwaert, L. Ventilatory anaerobic threshold in healthy children. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1985; 54:278-284.

Walsh, M.L., Banister, E.W.: Possible mechanisms of anaerobic threshold : A review. Sports Med., 1988; 5:

269-302.

Bunc, V., Heller, J., Leso, J., Sprynarova, S., Zdanowicz, R. Ventilatory threshold in various groups of highly trained athletes. Int. J. Sports Med., 1987; 8:275-280.

Ghosh, A.K., Ahuja, A., Khanna, G.L. and Puri,T.P.S.: Physiological variables of Indian national badminton players at anaerobic threshold level. World Badminton.

1987, 154: 10.

Haverty, M., Kenney, W.L., Hodgson, J.L. Lactate and gas exchange responses to incremental and steady state running. Br.J. Sports Med. 1988; 22: 51-54.

Rusko, H., Rahkila, P., Karvinen, E. Anaerobic threshold, skeletal muscles enzymes and fiber composition in young female cross country skiers. Acta Psychiatrica Scand. 1980; 108: 263-168.

Ghosh A. K., Mazumdar P., Goswami A. and Khanna G. L. Aerobic-anaerobic transition level of Indian middle and long distance runners. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1988; 88: 371-375.

Wassermann, K., Whipp, B.J. Exercise physiology in health and disease. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 1975; 112: 219-249.

Davies, C.T.M. and Thompson, N.W. Aerobic performance of female marathon and male ultramarathon athletes. Euro. J. Appl. Physiol . 1979;41: 223-226.

Wassermann, K., Whipp, B.J., and Davis, J. Respiratory physiology of exercise : metabolism, gas exchange and ventilatory control, In MTP International Review of Physiology- Respiratory Physiology lll, Vol 23: Widdicombe(Ed), Baltimore University Park,Baltimore, 1981; 149.

Orr, G.W., Green, H.J., Hughson, R.L., Benett, G.W. A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982. 52: 1349-1352.

Caiozzo, V.J., Davis, J.A., Eliis, J.F., Azus, J.E., Vandagriff, R. A comparison of gas exchange indices

used to detect the anaerobic threshold. J. Appl. Physiol.

1982; 53: 1184-1189.

Reinhard, U., Muller, P.H., Schmulling, R.M. Determination of anaerobic threshold by ventilation equivalent in normal individuals, Respiration, 1979;38: 26-32.

Aunola, S. and Rusko, H. Aerobic and anaerobic thresholds determined from venous lactate or from ventilation and gas exchange in relation to muscle fiber composition. Int. J. Sports Med. 1986; 7: 161-166.

Neary, P.J., MacDougall, J.D.,Bachus, R., Wenger, H. A. The relationship between lactate and ventilatory thresholds: coincidental or casual effect? Eur. J. Appl.

Physiol. 1985; 54: 104-108.

Cecca, M., MacDougall, D. Tsunoda, N. O’Hagan, F. The ventilatory threshold is not related to plasma lactate concentration. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 1986; 18(suppl.2): 585.

Conconi, F., Ferrari, M., Ziglio, P.G, Droghetti, P, Codeca, L. Determination of anaerobic threshold by a non invasive field test in runners. J. Appl. Physiol.1982; 52: 869-873.

Bodner M E, Rhodes E C. A review of the concept of the heart rate deflection point. Sports Med 2000; 30(1):31-46.

Tokmakidis, S.P., Leger, L. and Pilianidis, T.C. Failure to obtain a unique threshold on the blood lactate concentration curve during exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1998; 77(4): 333-342.

Zacharogiannis, E. and Farrally, M. Ventilatory threshold, heart rate deflection point and middle distance running performance. J. Sports Med. Phys.Fit.1993; 33: 337-347.

Jones, A and Doust, J Lack of reliability in Conconi’s heart rate deflection point. Int. J. Sports Med. 1995;16: 541-544.

Vachon, J., Bassett, D and Clark, S. Validity of the heart rate deflection as a predictor of lactate threshold during running. J. Appl. Physiol. 1999; 87: 452-459

Petit, M., Nelson, C. and Rhodes, E. Comparison of a mathematical model to predict 10-km performance from the Conconi test and ventilatory threshold measurements. Canad. J. Appl. Physiol. 1997; 22: 562-572.

Hofmann,P., Pokan, R., Von Duvillard, S Seibert, F., Zweiker, R., and Schmid, P. Heart rate performance curve during incremental cycle ergometer exercise in healthy young male subjects. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 1997; 29: 762-768.

Bourgois, J. and Vrijens, J. (1998) The Conconi test:a controversial concept for the determination of the anaerobic threshold in young rowers. International

Journal of Sports Medicine 19: 553-559.

Ballarin, E., Sudhues, U., Borsetto, C. Casoni, J.,

Grazzi, G., Guglielmi, C., Manfredinin, F., Mazzoni,

G., and Conconi, F. (1996) Reproducibility of the Conconi Test: Test repeatability and observer variations. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17: 520-524.

Bassett D.R. Jr., Howley E.T. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2000; Jan 32(1), 70-84.

Farrel, P.A., Wilmore, J.H., Coyle, E.F., Billings, J.E. and Costill, D.L.: Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Med Sci Sports Exer.1979; 11: 338-344.

Kumagai, S., Tanaka, K., Matsura, Y., Matsuzaka, A., Hirakoba, K. and Asano, K.: Relationship of the anaerobic threshold with the 5 km, 10 km and 10 mile races. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982; 49: 13-23.

Sjodin, B. and Jacobs, I.: Onset of blood lactate accumulation and marathon running performance. Int.J. Sports Med., 1981; 2: 23-25.

Karlsson, J. and Jacobs, I.: Onset of blood lactate accumulation during muscular exercise as a theoretical concept. Int. J. Sports Med., 1982; 3:190-194.

Maughan, R.J. and Leiper, J.B. Aerobic capacity and fractional utilization of aerobic capacity in elite and

non-elite male and female marathon runners. Eur. J.

Appl. Physiol. 1983; 52: 80-83.

Tanaka, K., Matsura, Y. Marathon performance, anaerobic threshold and onset of blood lactate accumulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 1984; 57: 640-643.

Ahuja A., Ghosh A.K., Goswami A., Mazumdar P., Khanna G.L. and Puri, T.P.S. Specific training and its effect on maximum aerobic capacity and ventilatory threshold of badminton players. Proceedings of Jakarta Coaching Seminar, Jakarta, Indonesian Badminton Association, 1989; 2-6.

Ghosh, A.K., Mazumdar, P., Goswami, A., Ahuja, A., Puri, T.P.S.: Heart rate and blood lactate response in competitive badminton. Ann Sports Medicine, 1990;5: 85-88.

Yoshida T., Udo, M., Iwai K., Yamaguchi T. Physiological characteristics related to endurance running performance in female distance runners. J Sports Sci 1993; 11(1): 57-62.

Gaesser, G.A., Poole, D.C. Lactate and ventilatory thresholds: disparity in time course of adaptations to training. J. Appl.Physiol., 1986; 61: 999-1004.

Poole, D.C., Gaesser, G.A. Response of ventilatory and lactate threshold to continuous and interval training.

J. Appl. Physiol., 1985; 58: 1115-1121.

Simon, J., Young, J.L., Blood, D.K., Segal, K.R., Case,

R.B. Plasma lactate and ventilation thresholds in trained and untrained cyclists. J. Appl.Physiol., 1986;60: 777-781.

Sjodin, B, Jacobs, I., and Svedenhag, J. Changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and muscle enzymes after training at OBLA. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982; 49: 45-57.

Denis, C., Fouquet, R., Poty, P., Geyssant, A., Lacour,

J.R. Effect of 40 weeks of endurance training on the

anaerobic threshold. Int. J. Sports Med. 1982; 3: 208-

214.

Saltin, B. and Hermansen, L. Glycogen stores and prolonged severe exercise. In G. Biix (Ed). Nutrition and physical activity, Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala, 1967; 2.

Karlsson, J. Lactate and phosphagen concentrations in working muscles of man with special reference to oxygen deficit at the onset of work, Acta.Physiol.Scand. 1971; Suppl, 358: 7.

Boyd, A.E., Giamber, S.R., Mager, M., and Lebovitz, H.E. Lactate inhibition of lypolysis in exercising man. Metabolism, 1974; 23: 531-534.

Pollnick, P.D., and King, D.W. Effect of exercise and training on mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle, Amer.J.Physiol, 1969; 216: 1502.

Andersen, P. and Henriksson, J. Capillary supply of the quadriceps femoris muscle of man: adaptive response to exercise. J.Physiol., London, 1977; 270:677.

Holloszy, J.O. Effect of exercise on mitochrondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. J.Biol. Chem. 1967; 242: 2278.

Hermansen, L., and Saltin, B. Blood lactate concentration during exercise at acute exposure to altitude, In: Exercise at altitude, R. Margaria, Ed. Dordrechit; Exerpta Medica Fdn, 1967; 48.

Yoshida T, Suda Y, Takeuchi N. Endurance training regimen based upon arterial blood lactate: effects on anaerobic threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982; 49(2): 223-230.

Allen, W.K., Seals, D.R., Hurley, B.F., Ehsani, A.A. and Hagberg, J.M. Lactate threshold and distance running performance in young and older endurance athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 1985; 58: 1281-1284.

Bishop, D., Jenkins, D.G. and Mackinnon, L.T. The relationship between plasma lactate parameters, peak

and 1-h cycling performance in women. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 1998; 30: 1270-1275.

Fouquet, R. and Poty, P. Effect of 40 weeks of endurance training on anaerobic threshold. Int. J. Sports Med. 1982; 3(4): 208-214.

Edwards A.M., Clark N., Macfadyen, A.M. Lactate and ventilatory thresholds reflect the training status of professional soccer players where maximum aerobic power is unchanged. J. Sports Sci. & Med. 2003; 2: 23.

Coyle, E.F. Integration of the physiological factors determining endurance performance in athletes. Exer.& Sports Sci. Rev. 1995; 23: 25-31.

Hermansen, L. Lactate production during exercise. In: Muscle metabolism during exercise. Pernow, B., Saltin,

B. Eds. New York: Plenum. 1971.

Hoffor A.S., Harrison A.C. and Kirk P.A. Anaerobic threshold alterations caused by interval training in 11-year-olds. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1990; 30(1): 53-56.

Burke J., Thayer R., and Belcamino M. Comparison of effects of two interval-training programmes on lactate and ventilatory thresholds. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28(1): 18-21.

Ready A.E. and Quinney H.A. Alterations in anaerobic threshold as the result of endurance training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14(4), 292-296.

Henritze J., Weltman A., Schurrer R.L. and Barlow K. Effects of training at and above the lactate threshold on the lactate threshold and maximal oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1985; 54(1): 84-88.

Billat L.V. Interval training for performance: a scientific and empirical practice. Special recommendations for middle- and long-distance running. Part I: aerobic interval training. Sports Med 2001; 31(1): 13-31.

Billat L.V. and Koralsztein J.P. Significance of the velocity at VO2max and time to exhaustion at this velocity. Sports Med 1996; 22(2): 90-108.

Billat L.V., Morton R.H., Blondel N., Berthoin S., Bocquet V., Koralsztein J.P., and Barstow T.J. Oxygen kinetics and modelling of time to exhaustion whilst running at various velocities at maximal oxygen uptake. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000; 82(3): 178-187.

Grant S., Craig I., Wilson J. and Aitchison T. The relationship between 3 km running performance and selected physiological variables. J Sports Sci 1997; 15(4): 403-410.

Belman M.J. and Gaesser G.A.. Exercise training below and above the lactate threshold in the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23(5): 562-568.

Ghosh, A.K. and Mukhopadhaya, S. Physiological profile of Indian elite middle and long distance runners. 2002. Unpublished data from Department of Exercise Physiology, Sports Authority of India, Faculty of Sports Sciences, National Institute of Sports, Patiala, India.

Repository Staff Only: item control page
 
 
 
 
 
   
© Copyright 2007 MyAIS Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya – All Rights Reserved. Malaysian Abstracting and Indexing System is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. More information and software credits.