Author, Subjects, Keywords

Cited Author

 
 
   » By Author or Editor
 » Browse Author by Alphabet
 » By Journal
 » By Subjects
 » Malaysian Journals
 » By Type
 » By Year
 » By Latest Additions
 
 
   » By Author
 » Top 20 Authors
 » Top 20 Article
 » Top Journal Cited
 » Top Article Cited
 » Journal Citation Statistics
 » Usage Since Sept 2007


 
 
 

Login | Create Account

Keseimbangan Cecair Badan Semasa Senaman Dalam Keadaan Berhaba

Singh, Rabindarjeet (2003) Keseimbangan Cecair Badan Semasa Senaman Dalam Keadaan Berhaba. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10 (2). pp. 4-19. ISSN 1394195X

Full text not available from this repository.

Official URL: http://www.medic.usm.my/publication/mjms/

Affiliations

Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Sports Science Unit

Abstract

Major sporting events in Asia are commonly staged in hot environments where the average daytime temperature is generally 29-31°C with the average relative humidity ranging from 80-95%. Exercise capacity and exercise performance are reduced when the ambient temperature is high and it has major implications for competitors as well as for spectators and officials. Prolonged exercise leads to progressive water and electrolyte loss from the body as sweat is secreted to promote heat loss. The rate of sweating depends on many factors and increases in proportion to work rate and environmental temperature and humidity. Sweat rates are highly variable and can exceed 2L.h-1 for prolonged periods in high heat. Since dehydration will impair exercise capacity and can pose a risk to health, the intake of fluid during exercise to offset sweat losses is important. Carbohydrate-electrolyte fluid ingestion during exercise has the dual role of providing a source of carbohydrate fuel to supplement the body’s limited stores and of supplying water and electrolytes to replace the losses incurred by sweating. The composition of the drinks to be taken will be influenced by the relative importance of the need to supply fuel and water which, is in turn depends on the intensity and duration of exercise activity, the ambient temperature and humidity. Carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions appear to be more effective in improving performance than plain water. There is no advantage to fluid intake during exercise of less than 30-minute duration. Complete restoration of fluid balance after exercise is an important part of the recovery process and becomes even more important in hot, humid conditions. If a second bout of exercise has to be performed after a elatively short interval, the speed of rehydration becomes of crucial importance. Rehydration after exercise requires not only replacement of volume losses, but also replacement of some electrolytes, primarily sodium. Studies show that rehydration after exercise can be achieved only if sweat electrolyte losses as well as water are replaced. Drinks with low sodium content are ineffective at rehydration and they will only reduce the stimulus to drink. Addition of small amount of carbohydrate to the rehydrating drinks may improve the rate of intestinal uptake of sodium and water and will improve palatability. The volume of the rehydration beverage consumed should be greater than the volume of sweat lost to provide the ongoing obligatory urine losses and palatability of the beverage is a major issue when a large volume of fluid has to be consumed.

Item Type:Journal
Keywords:Exercise, dehydration, thermoregulation, fluid balance, sweating, fluid intake, electrolyte, carbohydrate, solutions, performance, sports science
Subjects:R Medicine
ID Code:894

1 Mack G.W. & Nadel E.R. Body fluid balance during heat stress in humans. In: Environmental physiology. Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press 1996; 187-214.

2 Sawka M.N. Body fluid response and hypohydration during exercise-heat stress. In: Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. Pandolf KB, Sawka MN, Gonzalez RR. (eds). Indianapolis: Cooper Publishing Group 1988;227-266.

3 Sawka M.N. & Montain S.J. Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat stress. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72 (suppl):564S-572S.

4 Sparling P.B & Millard-Stafford M. Keeping sports participants safe in hot weather. Physician Sportmed 1999; 27:27-34.

5 Maughan R.J. & Shirreffs S.M. Fluid and electrolytes loss and replacement in exercise. In: Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine. Harries M, Williams C, 1998.

6 Costill D.L. Physiology of marathon running. J Am Med Assn 1972; 221:1024-1029.

7 Maughan R.J. & Noakes T.D. Fluid replacement and exercise stress. Sports Med 1991; 12:16-31.

8 Whiting P.H., Maughan R.J. & Miller J.D.B. Dehydration and serum biochemical changes in marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 1984; 52:183-187.

9 Armstrong L.E., Costill D.L. & Fink W.J.. Influence of diuretic-induced dehydration on competitive running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17:456-461.

10 Nielsen B., Sjogaard G. & Bonde-Petersen F. Cardiovascular, hormonal and body fluid changes during prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1984;53:63-70.

11 Walsh R.M., Noakes T.D., Hawley J.A. & Dennis S.C. Impaired high-intensity cycling performance time at low levels of dehydration. Int J Sports Med 1994;15:392-398.

12 Saltin B. & Costill D.L. Fluids and electrolyte balance during prolonged exercise. In: Exercise, Nutrition and Metabolism. Horton ES, Tenjung RL (eds). New York, Macmillan, 1988; 150-158.

13 Costill D.L. & Fink W.J. Plasma volume changes following exercise and thermal dehydration. J Appl Physiol 1974; 37:521-525.

14 Fortney S.M., Nadel E.R., Wenger C.B. & Bove J.R. Effect of blood volume on sweating rate and body fluids in exercising humans. J Appl Physiol 1981; 51:1594-1600.

15 Fortney S.M., Wenger C.B., Bove J.R. & Nadel E.R. Effect

of hyperosmolality of control of blood flow and sweating. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 1688-1695.

16 Greenleaf J.E., Convertino V.A., Stremel R.W., Bernauer

E.M., Adams W.C., Vignau S.R. & Brock P.J. Plasma (Na+), (Ca2+), and volume shifts and thermoregulation during exercise in man. J Appl Physiol 1977; 43:1026-1032.

17 Horstman D.H. & Horvath S.M. (1972). Cardiovascular and temperature regulatory changes during progressive dehydration and euhydration. J Appl Physiol 1972; 33:446-450.

18 Nadel E.R. Circulatory and thermal regulations during exercise. Fed Proc 1980; 39:1491-1497.

19 Nadel E.R., Fortney S.M. & Wenger C.B. Effect of dehydration state on circulatory and thermal regulation. J Appl Physiol 1980; 49:715-721.

20 Nielsen B. Effects of changes in plasma volume and osmolarity on thermoregulation during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1974; 90:725-730.

21 Saltin B. & Stenberg J. Circulatory response to prolonged severe exercise. J Appl Physiol 1964;19:833-838.

22 Rowell L.B. Human Circulation. Oxford University Press, New York, 1986.

23 Sawka M.N., Montain S.J. & Latzka W.A. Body fluid balance during exercise-heat exposure. In: Body fluid balance: exercise and sport. Buskrik ER, Puhl SM (eds). Boca Raton, FL; CRC Press, 1996; 143-161.

24 Caldwell J.E., Ahonen E. & Nousiainen U. Differential effects of sauna-, diuretic- and exercise-induced hypohydration. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57:1018-23.

25 Buskirk E.R., Lampietro P.F. & Bass D.E. Work performance after dehydration: effect of physical conditioning and heat acclimatization. J Appl Physiol 1958; 12:189-194.

26 Craig E.N. & Cummings E.G. Dehydration and muscular work. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21:670-674.

27 Webster S., Rutt R. & Weltman A. Physiological effects of a weight loss regimen practiced by college wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22:229-234.

28 Adolph E.F. Physiology of man in the desert. Interscience, New York, 1947.

29 Ladell W.S.S. The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments. J Physiol 1955; 127:11-46.

30 Sawka M.N., Young A.J., Francesconi R.P., Muza S.R. &

Pandolf K.B. Thermoregulatory and blood response during exercise at graded hypohydration levels. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59:1394-1401.

31 Burge C.M., Carey M.F. & Payne W.R. Rowing performance, fluid balance, and metabolic function following dehydration and rehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25:1358-1364.

32 Sutton J.R. Clinical implication of fluid balance. In: Perpectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine,Vol 3: Fluid Homeostasis during Exercise. Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR (eds). Carmel, IN: Benchmark Press, 1990;425-448.

33 England AC, Fraser DW, Hightower AW, Tirrinazi R, Greenberg DJ, Powell KE, Slovis CM & Varsha RA. Preventing severe heat injury in runners: Suggestions from the 1979 Peachtree road race experience. Ann Int Med 1982; 97:196-201.

34 Lamb D.R. & Brodwicz G.R. Optimal use of fluids of varying formulation to minimise exercise-induced disturbances in homeostasis. Spt Med 1986; 3:247-274.

35 Saltin B. Circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise after thermal dehydration. J Appl Physiol 1964; 19:1125-1132.

36 Rowell L.B. Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 1974; 54:75-159

37 Costill D.L., Kammer W.F. & Fisher A. Fluid ingestion during distance running. Arch Environ Health 1970; 21:520-525.

38 Below P.R., Mora-Rodriguez R., Gonzalez-Alonso J. &

Coyle E.F. Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense exercise. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1995; 27:200-210.

39 Montain S.J. & Coyle E.F. The influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73:1340-1350.

40 Sawka M.N. Physiological consequences of dehydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1992; 24:657-670.

41 Sawka M.N., Francesconi R.P., Young A.J. & Pandolf K.B. Influence of hydration level and body fluids on exercise performance in the heat. JAMA 1984; 252:1165-1169.

42 Sawka M.N & Pandolf K.B. Effects of body water loss on physiological function and exercise performance. In: Perpectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Vol 3: Fluid Homeostasis during Exercise.Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR (eds). Carmel, IN: Benchmark Press, 1990; 1-38.

43 Coyle E.F. & Coggan A.R. Effectiveness of carbohydrate feeding in delaying fatigue during prolonged exercise. Spt Med 1984; 1:446-458.

44 Murray R. The effects of consuming carbohydrateelectrolyte beverage on gastric emptying and fluid absorption during and following exercise. Spt Med 1987; 4:322-351.

45 Singh R., Gusbakti R., Ang B.S. & Sirisinghe R.G. Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance in high ambient temperature and humidity Abstracts of the 10th International Conference of Biochemistry of Exercise, Sydney, Australia, 1997.

46 Singh R., Gusbakti R., Sirisinghe R.G., Ang B.S. & Low

A.L. Effects of ingesting carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages during cycling performance in high heat and humidity. Programme and Abstracts of the 18th SEA Games Scientific Congress. Malaysia. 1995.

47 Tsintzas O.K., Williams C., Singh R., Wilson W. & Burrin

J. influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on marathon running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995; 70: 154-160.

48 Maughan R.J., Fenn C.E. & Leiper J.B. Effects of fluid, electrolyte and substrate ingestion on endurance capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58:481-486.

49 Costill D.L. & Saltin B. Factors limiting gastric emptying during rest and exercise. J Appl Physiol 1974; 37:679-683.

50 Leiper J.B. & Maughan R.J. Experimental models for the investigation of water and solute transport in man: implication for oral rehydration solutions. Drugs 1988;36 (suppl. 4):65-79.

51 Farthing M.J.G. History and rationale of oral rehydration and recent development in formulating an optimal solution Drugs 1988; 36(suppl. 4):80-90.

52 Maughan R.J. Optimising hydration for competitive sport. In: Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine: Optimizing Sports Performance. Lamb DR, Murray R (eds). Carmel, IN, Benchmark Press, 1997;139-184.

53 Coyle E.F., Coggan A.R., Hemmert M.K. & Ivy J.L. Muscle glycogen utilisation during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61:165-172.

54 Björkman O., Sahlin K., Hagenfeldt l. & Wahren J. Influence of glucose and fructose ingestion on the capacity for long-term exercise in well-trained men. Clin Physiol 1984; 4:483-494.

55 Coggan A.R. & Coyle E.F. Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65:1703-1709.

56 Coggan A.R. & Coyle E.F. Metabolism and performance following carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise. Med Sci Spt Exercs 1989; 21:59-65.

57 Coyle E.F., Hagberg J.M., Hurley B.F., Martin W.H., Ehsani A.H. & Holloszy J.O. Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55:230-235.

58 Ivy J., Costill D.L, Fink W.J & Lower R.W. Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Spts 1979; 11:6-11.

59 Brookes J.D., Davies G.J & Green L.F. The effects of normal and glucose syrup work diets on the performance of racing cyclists. J Spt Med 1975;15:257-265.

60 Felig P., Cherif A., Minigawa A. & Wahren J. Hypoglycaemia during prolonged exercise in normal men. New Eng J Med 1982; 306:895-900.

61 Flynn M.G., Costill D.L., Hawley J.A., Fink W.J. & Neufer P.D., Fielding R.A. & Sleeper M.D. Influence of skeletal carbohydrate drinks on cycling performance and

glycogen use. Med Sci Spt Exercs 1987; 19:37-40.

62 Mitchell J.B., Costill D.L., Houmard J.A., Flynn M.G., Fink W.J. & Beltz J.D. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on gastric emptying and exercise performance. Med Sci

Spt Exercs 1988; 20:110-115.

63 Murray R., Seifert J.G., Eddy D.E., Paul G.L. & Halaby

G.A. Carbohydrate feeding and exercise: effect of beverage carbohydrate content. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 59:152-158.

64 Kingwell B., McKenna M.J., Sandstrom E.R. & Hargreaves M. Effect of glucose polymer ingestion on energy and fluid balance during exercise. J Spt Sci 1989; 7:3-8.

65 Murray R., Paul G.L., Seifert J.G., Eddy D.E. & Halaby

G.A. The effects of glucose, fructose and sucrose ingestion during exercise. Med Sci Spt Exercs 1989;21:275-282.

66 Sasaki H., Maeda J., Usui S. & Ishiko T. Effect of sucrose and caffeine ingestion on performance of prolonged

strenuous running. Int J Spt Med 1987; 8:261-165.

67 Macaraeg P.V.J. Influence of carbohydrate electrolyte ingestion on running endurance. In: Nutrient utilisation during exercise. Fox EL (ed). Columbus, Ross Laboratories, 1983, 91-96.

68 Ivy J.L., Miller W., Dover V., Goodyear L.G., Sherman

W.M. et al. Endurance improved by ingestion of a glucose polymer supplement. Med Sci Spt Exercs 1983;15:466-471.

69 Williams C. Diet and endurance fitness. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49:1077-1083.

70 Williams C., Nute M.G., Broadbank L. & Vinall S. Influence of fluid intake on endurance running performance: a comparison between water, glucose and fructose solutions. Eur J Appl Physiol 1990; 60:112-119.

71 Cade R., Spooner G., Schlein E., Pickering M. & Dean R. Effect of fluid, electrolyte, and glucose replacement on performance, body temperature, rate of sweat loss and compositional changes of extracellular fluid. JSpt Med Phy Fit 1972; 12:150-156.

72 Maughan R.J. & Whiting P.H. Factors influencing plasma glucose concentration during marathon running. In: Exercise Physiology. Dotson CO, Humphrey JD (eds). New York, AMS Press. 1985;Vol 1:87-98.

73 Leatt P. The effects of glucose polymer ingestion on skeletal muscle glycogen depletion during soccer match-play and its resynthesis following a match. M.Sc Thesis, University of Toronto, 1986.

74 Saltin B. & Karlsson J. Die Ernahrung des sportlers. In: Zentrale themen der Sportmedizin. Hollmen W (ed). Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1977.

75 Herbert W.G. (ed). In: Ergogenic aids in sport, 1983;56-98.

76 Noakes T.D. Lore of Running, 3rd edn. Cape Town, Oxford University Press, 1992.

77 Hubbard R.W., Szylk P.C. & Armstrong L.E. Influence of thirst and fluid palatability of fluid ingestion during exercise. In: Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Vol 3: Fluid Homeostasis During Exercise, Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR (eds), Carmel, IN, Benchmark Press, 1990: 39-95.

78 Costill D.L. & Sparks K.E. Rapid fluid replacement after thermal rehydration. J Appl Physiol 1973; 34:299-303.

79 Nose H., Mack G.W., Shi X. & Nadel E.R. Role of osmolality and plasma volume during rehydration in humans. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65:325-331.

80 Gonzalez-Alonso J., Heaps C.L. & Coyle E.F. Rehydration after exercise with common beverage and water. Int J Sports Med 1992; 13: 399-406.

81 Nielsen B., Sjogaard G., Ugelvig J., Knudsen B. & Dohlmann B. Fluid balance in exercise dehydration and rehydration with different glucose-electrolyte drinks. Eur J Appl Physiol 1986; 55: 318-325.

82 Carter J.E. & Gisolfi C.V. Fluid replacement during and after exercise in heat. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1989; 21:532-539.

83 Wong S.H., Williams C., Simpson M. & Ogaki T. Influence of fluid intake pattern on short term recovery from prolonged, submaximal running and subsequent exercise capacity. J Sports Sci 1998; 16:143-152.

84 Nose H., Mack G.W., Shi X. & Nadel E.R. Involvement of sodium retention hormones during rehydration in humans. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65:332-336.

85 Shirreffs S.M. & Maughan R.J. Volume repletion following exercise-induced volume depletion in man: replacement of water and sodium losses. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:F868-F875.

86 Maughan R.J., Owen J.H., Shirreffs S.M. & Leiper J.B. Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of electrolytes addition to ingested fluids. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 69: 209-215.

87 Nadel E.R., Mack G.W. & Nose H. Influence of fluid replacement beverages on body fluid homeostasis during exercise and recovery. In: Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine. Vol 3, Fluid homeostasis during exercise. Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR (eds). Carmel, Benchmark, 1990; 181-205.

88 Yawata T. effect of potassium solution on rehydration in rats: comparison with sodium solution and water. Jpn J Physiol 1990; 40:369-383.

89 Leiper J.B., Owen J.H. & Maughan R.J. Effects of ingesting electrolytes solutions on hydration status following exercise dehydration in man. J Appl Physiol 1993; 459:28P.

90 Singh R., Saat M., Sirisinghe R.G. & Nawawi M. Rehydration with fresh young coconut water, carbogydrate-electrolyte beverage and water following exercise-induced dehydration. Can J Appl Physiol 2001; 2b(Suppl): S267-S268.

91 Saat M., Singh R., Sirisinghe R.G. & Nawawi M. Rehydration after exercise with fresh young coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water. J Physiol Anthropol 2002; 21:93-104.

92 Greenleaf J.E. Problem: Thirst, drinking behavior, and involuntary dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1992; 24: 645-656.

93 Gisolfi C.V. & Duchman S.M. Guidelines for optimal replacement beverages for different athletic events Med Sci Sports Exercs 1992; 24: 679-687.

94 Shirreffs S.M., Taylor A.J., Leiper J.B. & Maughan Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of volume consumed and drink sodium content. Med Sci Sports Exer 1996; 18:1260-1271.

95 Fallowfield J.L., Williams C. & Singh R. The influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage during 4 hours of recovery on subsequent endurance capacity. Int J Spt Nutr 1995; 5:285-299.

96 Singh R., Brouns F., Kovacs E. & Senden J. Cycling performance and fluid balance following dehydration and rehydration. Programme and Abstracts of the 1996 International Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress, Dallas, Texas, USA. 1996.

97 Singh R., Brouns F. & Kovacs E. Effects of rehydration efficacy after exercise-induced dehydration subsequent cycling performance SEA J Trop Med Health 2002; 33:378-388.

98 Maughan R.J. & Leiper J.B. Post-exercise rehydration in man: effects of voluntary intake of four different beverages. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1993; 25(suppl): 99. Greenhaff PL & Clough PJ. Predictors of sweat in man during prolonged exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 89:1629-1632.

100 American College of Sports Medicine. Position statement on prevention of heat injuries during distance running. Med Sci Sports 1975; 7:vii-ix.

101 American College of Sports Medicine. Position statement on prevention of thermal injuries during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1984; 16:ixxiv.

102 American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on the prevention of thermal injuries during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1987; 19:529-533.

103 American College of Sports Medicine. Position stand on exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1996; 28:I-vii.

104 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Occupational exposure to hot environments. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986; 88-95.

105 United States Military (1991). Fluid replacement heat stress, Marriott BM, Rosemont C (eds). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991.

106 Davies C.T.M. & Thompson M.W. Aerobic performance of female marathon and male ultramarathon athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1979; 41:233-245.

107 Maughan R.J. & Leiper J.B. Aerobic capacity fractional utilisation of aerobic capacity in elite non-elite male and female marathon runners. Eur Appl Physiol 1983;52:80-87.

108 Maughan R.J. Thermoregulation and fluid balance marathon competition at low ambient temperature. J Sports Med 1985; 6:15-19.

109 Duchman S.M., Blieler T.L., Schedl H.P., Summers R.W. & Gisolfi C.V. Effects of gastric function on intestinal composition or oral rehydration solutions. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1990; 22(suppl):S89.

110 Rehrer N.J. Beckers E., Brouns F, Ten Hoor F. & Saris WHM. Fluid intake and gastrointestinal problems in runners competing in a 25-km race and a marathon. Int J Spt Med 1989; 10(suppl. 1):S22-S25.

111 Noakes T.D. The dehydration myth and carbohydrate replacement during prolonged exercise. Cycling Sci 1990; 23-29.

112 Massicote D., Peronnet F., Brisson G., Bakkouch K. & Hillaire-Marcel C. Oxidation of a glucose polymer during exercise; comparison with glucose and fructose. J Apply Physiol 1989; 66:179-183.

113 Rehrer N.J. Limits to fluid availability during exercise. De Vrieseborsch: Haarlem, 1990.

114 Frizell R.T, Lang G.H, Lowance D.C & Lathan SR. Hyponatremia and ultramarathon running. JAMA 1986; 255: 772-774.

115 Noakes T.D., Goodwin N., Rayner B.L., Braken T. & Taylor R.K.N. Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1985; 17:370-375.

116 Noakes T.D., Norman R.J., Buck R.H., Godlonton J., Stevenson K & Pittaway D. The incidence of hyponatremia during prolonged ultraendurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exercs 1990; 22:165-170.

117 Senay L.C. Effects of exercise in the heat on body fluid distribution Med Sci Sports 1979; 11:42-48.

118 Hallberg L. & Magnusson B. The aetiology of sports anaemia. Acta Med Scand 1984; 216:145-148.

119 Davidson R.J.L., Robertson J.D., Galea G. & Maughan R.J. Haematological changes associated with marathon running. Int J Spt Med 1987; 8:19-25.

120 Robertson J.D., Maughan R.J. & Davidson R.J.L. Changes in red cell density and related parameters in response to long distance running. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988; 57:264-269.

121 Convertino V.A., Keil L.C. & Greeleaf J.E. Plasma volume, renin and vasopressin responses to graded exercise after training. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54:508-514.

122 Mitchell D., Senay L.C., Wyndham C.N, van Rensburg A.J., Rogers G.G. & Strydom NB. Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: energy exchange, body tempearture, and sweating. J Appl Physiol 1976;40:768-778.

123 Senay L.C., Mitchell D. & Wyndham C.H. Acclimatization in a hot humid environment: body fluid adjustments. J Appl Physiol 1976; 40:786-796.

124 Wyndham C.H., Rogers G.G., Senay L.C. & Mitchell D. Acclimatization in a hot humid environment: cardiovascular adjustments. J Appl Physiol 1976;40:779-785.

125 Pichan G., Gauttam R.K., Tomar O.S., Bajaj A.C. Effect of primary hypohydration on physical work capacity. Int J Biometerol 1988; 32:176-180.

126 Herbert W.G. & Ribisl P.M. Effects of dehydration upon physical working capacity of wrestlers under competitive conditions. Res Quart 1971; 43:416-422.

127 Houston M.E, Marrin D.A., Green H.J. & Thompson J.A. The effect of rapid weight loss on physiological functions in wrestlers. Physician Sportsmed 1981;9:73-78.

Repository Staff Only: item control page
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Copyright 2007 MyAIS Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya – All Rights Reserved. Malaysian Abstracting and Indexing System is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. More information and software credits.