Author, Subjects, Keywords

Cited Author

 
 
   » By Author or Editor
 » Browse Author by Alphabet
 » By Journal
 » By Subjects
 » Malaysian Journals
 » By Type
 » By Year
 » By Latest Additions
 
 
   » By Author
 » Top 20 Authors
 » Top 20 Article
 » Top Journal Cited
 » Top Article Cited
 » Journal Citation Statistics
 » Usage Since Sept 2007


 
 
 

Login | Create Account

Paradoxes Of Higher Education Reforms: Implications On The Malaysian Middle Class

Aihara, Akihito, (2009) Paradoxes Of Higher Education Reforms: Implications On The Malaysian Middle Class. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 5 (1). pp. 81-113. ISSN 1823-6243

[img]
Preview
PDF - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader
322Kb

Official URL: http://www.usm.my/ijaps/articles/art41.pdf

Affiliations

University of London, United Kingdom.

Abstract

What is the middle class? This conceptual conundrum remains unsolved, yet higher education in Malaysia is deemed as one of the constituents. With special reference to higher education reforms in the 1990s, this paper agrees with the literature arguing that the Malaysian middle class is heterogeneous. Empirical evidence from Population and Housing Census Malaysia 2000 indicates the diversities and complexities within higher education that flow over to the terrain of the Malaysian middle class. Meanwhile, this paper leaves open an old but fundamental question: what is the notion of a class underlying the Malaysian middle class studies that accept its heterogeneity but use the term, "the middle class" or "the middle classes"?

Item Type:Journal
Additional Information:Akihito AIHARA is currently completing PhD in Economics at School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), The University of London. His research interests include development economics and economics of education and labour markets, especially in Southeast Asia, and his doctoral research is on the political economy of higher education and labour markets in Malaysia. His most recently presented paper is "Myth and Realities of Human Capital Theory: Evidence from Higher Education and Labour Markets in Malaysia" at the 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference in Kuching, Malaysia. Other recent works include "Unique Provision and Equal Access for All? Evidence from Higher Education in Malaysia," "Public-Private Differentials and Sector Selection: Evidence from Malaysia", and "Public-Private Choice in Higher Education and Employment with reference to Ethnicity in Malaysia." Previously, he served as researcher/adviser at the political division of the Embassy of Japan in Malaysia where he focused on domestic politics, in particular ruling political parties and political-economic issues.
Keywords:Middle Class; Higher Education Reforms; Malaysia
Subjects:H Social Sciences, Economics, Sociology
L Education
ID Code:9262

1. Agadjanian, V. and Liew, Hui Peng. 2005. Preferential policies and ethnic differences in post-secondary education in Peninsular Malaysia. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 8(2), 213–230.

2. Alias Mohammad Yatim. 1997. 200 Years on: English in the Malaysian Education system. In Marshallsay, Zaniah (Ed.). Educational Challenges in Malaysia: Advances and Prospects. Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Centre of Malaysian Studies, 11 April 1996, Clayton, Australia, Monash Asia Institute.

3. Baba, A. 2004. Future directions of the Ministry of Higher Education. Bulletin of Higher Education Research, 4.

4. Boo Cheng Hau. 1998. Quotas versus Affirmative Action: A Malaysian Perspective. Kuala Lumpur: Oriengroup.

5. Chai, Hon-Chan. 1977. Education and Nation-Building in Plural Societies: The West Malaysian Experience. Canberra: The Australian National University.

6. Chong, T. 2005. The construction of the Malaysian Malay middle class: The Histories, intricacies and futures of the Melayu Baru. Social Identities, 11(6), 573–587.

7. Crouch, H. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Itacha: Cornell University Press.

8. Embong, Abdul Rahman. 1999. Malaysian middle class studies: A critical review. In Jomo K.S. (Ed.). Rethinking Malaysia. Hong Kong: Asia 2000 Ltd.

9. Embong, Abdul Rahman (Ed). 2001. Southeast Asian Middle Classes: Prospects for Social Change and Democratisation. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

10. Embong, Abdul Rahman. 2002. State-led Modernization and the New Middle Class in Malaysia. New York: Palgrave.

11. Faaland, J., Parkinson, J.R. and Saniman, Ranis 1990. Growth and Ethnic Inequality: Malaysia's New Economic Policy. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

12. Ghani, Yusof. 2002. New meritocracy system sees more Bumi students in public varsities. Malaysiakini, 9 May.

13. Gomez, E.T. 1991. Money Politics in the Barisan Nasional. Kuala Lumpur: Forum.

14. Gomez, E.T. 1994. Political Business: Corporate Involvement of Malaysian Political Parties. Townsville, Australia: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.

15. Hai, Lim Hong. 2006. Malaysia: Distilling the lessons of forty years. In Leong, Ho Khai (Ed.). Re-thinking Administrative Reforms in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic.

16. Hirschman, C. 1972. Educational patterns in colonial Malaya. Comparative Education Review, 16(3), 486–502.

17. Hirschman, C.. 1979. Political independence and educational opportunity in Peninsular Malaysia. Sociology of Education, 52(2), 67–83.

18. Hock, Kerk Kim. 2003. Meritocracy system: An unfair meritocracy system goes against the government's objective to raise the competitiveness of the Bumiputra students. http://dapmalaysia.org/all-archive/English/2003/may03/bul/bul2095.htm (accessed on 29 October 2008).

19. Hsiao, M. Hsin-Huang and Wang, Hong-zen. 2001. The formation of the middle classes in Southeast Asia: An overview. In Hsiao, M. Hsin-Huang (Ed.). Exploration of the Middle Classes in Southeast Asia. Taiwan: Program for Southeast Asian Area Studies.

20. Jomo, K.S. 1999. A Malaysian middle class?: Some preliminary analytical considerations. In Jomo K.S. (Ed.). Rethinking Malaysia. Hong Kong: Asia 2000 Ltd.

21. Jomo K.S. and Gomez, E.T. 1999. Malaysia's Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and Profits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

22. Kahn, J.S. 1996a. The middle class as a field of ethnological study. In Muhamad Ikmal Said and Zahid Emby (Eds.). Critical Perspectives: Essays in Honour of Syed Husin Ali. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Social Science Association.

23. Kahn, J.S. 1996b. Growth, economic transformation, culture and the middle classes in Malaysia. In Robison, Richard. and David Goodman (Eds). The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonalds and Middle-class Revolution. London and New York: Routledge.

24. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (Ministry of Education Malaysia). 2000. Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2000 (Malaysian Educational Statistics 2000). Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Pendidikan Swasta (Private Education Department), Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.

25. Kessler, C. 2001. Alternative approaches, divided consciousness: Dualities in studying the contemporary Southeast Asian middle classes. In Embong, Abdul Rahman (Ed.). Southeast Asian Middle Classes: Prospects for Social Change and Democratisation. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

26. Lee, M.N.N. 1996. Higher education. In Jomo K.S. and Kiat, Ng Suew (Eds.). Malaysia's Economic Development: Policy and Reform. Selangor: Pelanduk Publications.

27. Lee, M.N.N. 1999. Public policies on private education in Malaysia. In Jomo K.S. (Ed.). Rethinking Malaysia. Hong Kong: Asia 2000 Ltd.

28. Lee, M.N.N. 2004. Education reforms during the Mahathir era: Global trends and U-turns. In Welsh, B. (Ed.). Reflections: The Mahathir Years. Washington DC: Southeast Asia Studies Program, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University.

29. Lillard, L. and Willis, R. 1994. Intergenerational educational mobility: Effects of family and state in Malaysia. Journal of Human Resources, 29(4), 1126–1166.

30. Malaysia. 1971. Report of the Committee Appointed by the National Operations Council to Study Campus Life of Students of the University of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

31. Malaysia. 1976. Third Malaysia Plan 1976–1980. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

32. Malaysia. 1981. Fourth Malaysia Plan 1981–1985. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

33. Malaysia. 1984. Mid-term Review of the Fourth Malaysia Plan 1981–1985. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

34. Malaysia. 1991. Sixth Malaysia Plan 1991–1995. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

35. Malaysia. 1996. Seventh Malaysia Plan 1996–2000. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

36. Malaysia. 2001. Eighth Malaysia Plan 2001–2005. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

37. Malaysia. 2002. Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 (Act 30). Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: International Law Book Services.

38. Malaysia. 2003. Mid-term Review of the Eighth Malaysia Plan 2001–2005. Putrajaya: The Government Publisher.

39. Malaysia. 2006. Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Putrajaya. The Government Publisher.

40. Ministry of Education. 2000. Malaysian Educational Statistics 2000. Kuala Lumpur: The Government Publisher.

41. Mukherjee, H. and Jasbir, S.S. 1985. Education and social policy: The Malaysian case. Prospects, 15(2), 289–300.

42. Pandian, A. 2008. Literacy skills in higher education: A comparative study between public and private university students. In Kaur, S., Morshidi, S. and

43. Norzaini, A. (Eds.). Globalisation and Internationalisation of Higher Education in Malaysia. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.

44. Pandian, A. and Ghani, Aniswal Abd (Eds.). 2005. University Curriculum: An Evaluation on Preparing Graduates for Employment. Pulau Pinang: National Higher Education Research Institute.

45. Pong, Suet-Ling. 1993. Preferential policies and secondary school attainment in Peninsular Malaysia. Sociology of Education, 66(4), 245–261.

46. Pong, Suet-Ling. 1995. Access to Education in Peninsular Malaysia: Ethnicity, Social Class and Gender. Compare, 25(3), 239–252.

47. Puthucheary, M. 1978. The Politics of Administration: The Malaysian Experience. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

48. Robison, R. and Goodman, D.S.G. 1996. The new rich in Asia: Economic development, social status and political consciousness. In Robison, R. and Goodman, D.S.G. (Eds.). The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonalds and Middle-class Revolution. London & New York: Routledge.

49. Samuel, M. and Lew Tan Sin. 1997. Language policies in Malaysian education: Some recent developments. In Marshallsay, Zaniah (Ed.). Educational Challenges in Malaysia: Advances and Prospects, Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Centre of Malaysian Studies, 11 April 1996, Clayton, Australia: Monash Asia Institute.

50. Saravanamuttu, J. 1989. Kelas menengah dalam politik Malaysia: Tonjolan perkauman atau kepentingan kelas? (Middle class in Malaysian politics: Communalism or cass interests?). Kajian Malaysia, VII(1&2).

51. Saravanamuttu, J. 2001. Is There a politics of the Malaysian middle class? In Embong, Abdul Rahman (Ed.). Southeast Asian Middle Classes: Prospects for Social Change and Democratisation. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

52. Selvaratnam, V. 1988. Ethnicity, inequality and higher education in Malaysia. Comparative Education Review, 32(2), 173–196.

53. Selvaratnam, V. 1989. Change amidst continuity: University development in Malaysia. In Altbach, P.G. and Selvaratnam, V. (Eds.). From Dependence to Autonomy: The Development of Asian Universities. Dordrecht and Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher.

54. Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 1988. The "battle royal": The UMNO elections of 1987. In Southeast Asian Affairs 1988. Singapore: The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS).

55. Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 1999. From Orang kaya baru to Melayu baru: Cultural constructions of the Malay 'new rich'. In Pinches, M. (Ed.). Cultural and Privilege in Capitalist Asia. London: Routledge.

56. Sirat, Morshidi. 2006. Malaysia. In Higher Education in South-East Asia. Bangkok: Asia-Pacific Programme of Educational Innovation for Development, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

57. Soda, Naoki. 2006. Mahatirukino Koutoukyoiku Kaikaku: Kokka Vision, Seisakuhenka, Seijironnsou (Higher Education Reform in the Mahathir Era: National Vision, Policy Changes and Political Debates), in Torii, Takashi (Ed.). Mahatiru Seiken-ka no Mareshia: "Isuramu Senshinkoku" to Mezashita 22 Nen (Malaysia under the Mahathir Administration: 22 Years of Striving to Create Advanced Country with Islamic Value). Kenkyu Sosho (IDE Research Series) No. 557. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies.

58. Sudha, S. 1997. Family Size, sex composition and children's education: Ethnic differentials over development in Peninsular Malaysia. Population Studies, 51(2), 139–151.

59. Takei, Yoshimitsu., Bock, J.C. and Saunders, B. 1973. Educational Sponsorship by Ethnicity: A Preliminary Analysis of the West Malaysian Experience. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Centre for International Studies.

60. Tan Ai Mei. 2002. Malaysian Private Higher Education: Globalisation, Privatisation, Transformation and Marketplaces. London: ASEAN Academic Press.

61. Tan, J. 2007 Privatization in Malaysia: Regulation, Rent-seeking and Policy Failure. London and New York: Routledge.

62. Thomas, M. 1986. Malaysia. Education and Urban Society, Vol. 18 (4): 399-411.

63. Torii, Takashi. 2003. The mechanism for state-led creation of Malaysia's middle classes. The Developing Economies, 41(2), 221–242.

64. Wang, Bee-Lan Chan. 1977. Governmental intervention in ethnic stratification: Effects on the distribution of students among fields of study. Comparative Education Review, 21(1), 110–123.

65. Wang, Bee-Lan Chan. 1978. Educational reforms for national integration: The West Malaysian experience. Comparative Education Review, 22(3), 464–479.

66. Wang, Bee-Lan Chan. 1980. Sex and ethnic differences in educational investment in Malaysia: The effect of reward structures. Comparative Education Review, 24(S2), 140–159.

67. Wang, Bee-Lan Chan. 1983. Positive discrimination in education: A comparative investigation of its bases, forms and outcomes. Comparative Education Review, 27(2), 191–203.

68. Wilkinson, R. and Yussof, Ishak. 2005. Public and private provision of higher education in Malaysia: A comparative analysis. Higher Education, 50, 361–386.

69. Young, Mei Ling and Ng Suew Kiat. 1994. Balancing the roles of public and private sectors in education and training. Asia Pacific Economic Literature, 8(2), 156–163.

[Newspapers and Internet Source] 1. Bernama (http://www.bernama.com)

2. International Herald Tribune

3. Malaysiakini (http://www.malaysiakini.com)

4. New Straits Times

5. The Star

Repository Staff Only: item control page
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Copyright 2007 MyAIS Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya – All Rights Reserved. Malaysian Abstracting and Indexing System is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton. More information and software credits.