  <eprint xmlns="http://eprints.org/ep2/data/2.0">
    <eprintid>897</eprintid>
    <rev_number>9</rev_number>
    <eprint_status>archive</eprint_status>
    <userid>2</userid>
    <dir>disk0/00/00/08/97</dir>
    <datestamp>2007-10-19 13:26:05</datestamp>
    <lastmod>2007-11-01 02:25:48</lastmod>
    <status_changed>2007-10-19 13:26:05</status_changed>
    <type>article</type>
    <metadata_visibility>show</metadata_visibility>
    <creators>
      <item>
        <name>
          <family>Abdul Kareem</family>
          <given></given>
        </name>
        <id></id>
      </item>
    </creators>
    <corp_creators>
      <item>Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Dept. of Radiology</item>
    </corp_creators>
    <title>Review of Global Manace of Road Accidents with Special Reference to Malaysia - a Social Perspective</title>
    <ispublished>pub</ispublished>
    <subjects>
      <item>R</item>
    </subjects>
    <full_text_status>none</full_text_status>
    <keywords>Road accidents, Malaysia</keywords>
    <abstract>Road accident is ‘a global tragedy’ with ever-rising trend. The goal of this article includes review of the causes and nature of accidents, statistical data regarding road accidents and the economical impact. 1.17 million deaths occur each year worldwide due to road accidents 70 % of which occur in developing countries. 65% of deaths involve pedestrians, 35 % of which are children. Estimates suggest that 23-34 million people are injured worldwide every year in road crashes - a value almost twice that previously estimated. It is estimated that more than 200 U.S. citizens die each year due to road accidents abroad. Every year in Europe, more than 50,000 peoples are killed in road accidents, and more than 150,000 remain disabled. It is a sad fact that the total number of road accidents in Malaysia exceeded 223,000 in 1999. On the average, 16 persons died from these road accidents, every single day in 1999. Lack of attention, reckless driving, lack of proper protection, speeding, bad personal habits, social and behavioral misconduct and inconsiderate drivers of larger vehicles are some of the problems that cause accidents. In Malaysia, motorcycle fatal accidents (60%) warrant a high degree of concern. Young children and senior citizens are found to be in the vulnerable age group. In Malaysia, in 1999 alone, general insurers paid RM1.67 billion or an average of RM4.6 million a day on motor claims. It is now recognized that road traffic accidents represent a major public health problem, because of the high number of victims involved and because of the seriousness of the consequences for themselves and for their families.</abstract>
    <date>2003-07</date>
    <date_type>published</date_type>
    <publication>Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences</publication>
    <volume>10</volume>
    <number>2</number>
    <publisher>School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, Universiti Sains Malaysia</publisher>
    <pagerange>31-39</pagerange>
    <refereed>TRUE</refereed>
    <issn>1394195X</issn>
    <official_url>http://www.medic.usm.my/publication/mjms/</official_url>
    <referencetext>1. Transport and Research Laboratory, UK, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Disasters Report1998.&#13;
&#13;
2. Principal assistant secretary, Road safety council of Malaysia, Road safety issues in Malaysia, Country paper for IES-CTR symposium on traffic safety. 1999.&#13;
&#13;
3. Highway planning unit, Ministry of Works, Malaysia report to Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s department, Kuala Lumpur Dt: 29.August 1998.&#13;
&#13;
4. Proceedings GITE Regional Workshop on Inspection &amp; Maintenance in Asia Bangkok, Thailand 10-1, Dec 2001&#13;
&#13;
5. Jennie Connor, Robyn Norton, Shanthi et al. Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population based case control study. BMJ 2002: 324: 1125-1128.&#13;
&#13;
6. Radin Umar, Road Safety Research Center, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia, The Sun newspaper, June 14 1998; p. 20;&#13;
&#13;
7. Joan S. Harris, Knox H. Todd, Federico Vaca, Recent trends in motorcycle Fatalities. February 2002; 39: 2&#13;
&#13;
8. Lawrence F. Marshall, M.D., Theresa Gautille, B.S.N.,&#13;
et al. The outcome of Severe closed head injury. J.Neurosurg 1991:75:S28-S36.&#13;
&#13;
9. Jeret J.S., Mandell M., et al. Clinical predictors of abnormality disclosed by computed Tomography after mild head trauma. Neurosurgery 1993:32(1): 9-16.&#13;
&#13;
10 Borczuk P. Predictors of intracranial injury in patients with mild head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1995:25:731-&#13;
&#13;
6 11. Stiell I.G., Lesiuk H., et al. The role of injury mechanism in the evaluation of patients with minor head injury. Acad Emerg Med 2001: 8(5):487.&#13;
&#13;
11. Stiell I.G., Lesiuk H., et al. The role of injury mechanism in the evaluation of patients with minor head injury. Acad Emerg Med 2001: 8(5):487&#13;
&#13;
12. Laili Suriani. Predictors of important CT findings and neurosurgical intervention in minor head injury. Dissertation submitted for the degree of Master of&#13;
Medicine (Rad). 2002&#13;
&#13;
13. Azian Abdul Aziz. Computed Tomography of the brain in predicting outcome of Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in adult patients. Dissertation submitted for the degree of Master of Medicine (Rad). 1998&#13;
&#13;
14. Dacey R.G., Alves W.M., et al. Neurological complications after apparently minor head injury: Assessment of risk in a series of 610 patients. J. Neurosurg 1985:65:203-10&#13;
&#13;
15. Cohen P.J., Quinlan K.P., Paltiel O., Ambrose A., Redelmeier D. A., Tibshirani R.J., Maclure M., Mittleman M. A. Cellular Telephones and Traffic Accidents N Engl J Med 1997; 337:127-129.&#13;
&#13;
16. Torner,J.C.&amp; Schootman, M. Epidemiology of closed head injury. In : Head Injury and Postconcussive syndrome Rizzo, M. and Tranel,D., ed. New York:Churchill Livingstone, 1996:19-46&#13;
&#13;
17. Olivier Duperrex, Frances Bunn, Ian Roberts. Safety education of pedestrians for injury prevention: a systemic review of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2002:324: 1129-1131&#13;
&#13;
18. Murray C, Lopez A. The global burden of disease., Vol 1 Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.&#13;
&#13;
19. Fisher R.P., Carlson J. &amp; Perry J.F. High-risk mild head injury. J neurosurg 1997:87(2): 234-8&#13;
&#13;
20. Stephen I Halman, Mary Chipman et al. Are seat belt restraints as effective in School age children as in adults? A prospective crash syudy. BMJ 2002: 324;1123- 1125.&#13;
&#13;
21. Servadei F., Teasdale G., et al. Defining acute mild head injury in adults: a Proposal based on prognostic factors, diagnosis and management. J Neurotrauma 2001: 18(7); 657-64&#13;
&#13;
22. Borczuk P. Mild head trauma. Emergency MedicineClinic of North America 1997:15(3):563-79&#13;
&#13;
23. Nantulya VM, Muli-Musiime F. Kenya. Uncovering the social determinants of road traffic accidents. In: Evans T, Whitehead M, Diderichsen F, Bhuiya A, Wirth M, eds. Challenging inequities: from ethics to action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001&#13;
&#13;
24. Marshall L.F., Toole B.M., Bowers S.A. The nationalTraumatic coma Data Bank. Part2: Patients who talk and deteriorate: implications for treatment. J Neurosurg1983: 59:285-288&#13;
&#13;
25. Seelig J.M., Marshall L.F., Toutant S.M. Et al. Traumatic acute epidural hematoma: unrecognized high lethality in comatose patients. Neurosurgery 1984:15:617-620.&#13;
&#13;
26. Jennet B, Bond M: Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. A practical scale. Lancet, 1975: 1:480-91&#13;
&#13;
27. Perini S., Beltramello A., et al :CNS trauma : Head injuries Neurologic clinics 1984 :2(4); 719-743.&#13;
&#13;
28. Mikhail M.G., Levitt A.&amp; Christopher T.A: Intracranial injury following minor head trauma. Am J Emerg Med 1992:10: 24-26.&#13;
&#13;
29. Graham, D.I. Neuropathology of head injury.In Neurotrauma. Narayan, R.K., Wilberger, J.E.Jr., Povlishock,J.T., ed. New York: McGraw-hill, 1996:43-59.&#13;
&#13;
30. Lane, B., Moseley, I.F., Theron, J: Cranial and Intracranial Pathology (3). In Diagnostic Radiology, 2-nd ed. Grainger, R. G., Allison, D.J., ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 1992: 2001-26.&#13;
&#13;
31. Jane, J. &amp; Rimael, R. Prognosis in head injury. Clin. Neurosurg. 1982:29: 346&#13;
&#13;
32. Teasdale,G., Skene, A., Parker, L., Jennett, B. Age and outcome of severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien).&#13;
28: 140-43.</referencetext>
    <documents></documents>
  </eprint>
